physics·NCERT Class 12·Dual Nature of Radiation

Photoelectric Effect

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Shine UV light on a metal and electrons fly off — but bright red light does NOTHING. It's not about brightness; it's about frequency. Einstein's Nobel Prize explains why.

Einstein's equation: KE_max = hν − φ (φ = work function).
Threshold frequency ν₀ = φ/h; no emission below ν₀.