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chemistry·NCERT Class 11·Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Hybridization Visualizer

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Carbon's four identical bonds in methane seem impossible from its ground state — two unpaired electrons. Hybridization explains the magic: sp³ mixing creates four equal orbitals.

›sp: linear (BeCl₂, CO₂); sp²: planar (BF₃, ethylene); sp³: tetrahedral (CH₄, H₂O).
›In ethylene (C₂H₄): C is sp² — one unhybridised p orbital forms the π bond.